Castao, Victoria Ros. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. [135], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. Spain also produced impressive art at this time. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. Records of the conquest of central Mexico include accounts by the expedition leader Hernn Corts, Bernal Daz del Castillo and other Spanish conquistadors, indigenous allies from the city-states altepetl of Tlaxcala, Texcoco, and Huexotzinco. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. [156], For the conquest of Mexico, a 2019 eight-episode Mexican TV miniseries Hernn depicts the conquest of Mexico. Their colonial governments reflected the model of a two-house Parliament and long-cherished civil liberties. It became the second-most valuable export from Spanish America after silver.[149]. Within this frontier the city of Concepcin assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was lost in 1898. Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). [29], Southward colonization by the Spanish in Chile halted after the conquest of Chilo Archipelago in 1567. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. Q2: Option D. The primary economic interest of French and Dutch colonists in North America was the fur trade. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. 4, p. 204. The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants. Ida Altman, S.L. Hello everyone can someone help me check my answers?? Miller, Gary. The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. [74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. 15501600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. Put in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts "Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. [6] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. Q4 . The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. [citation needed] In Peru, the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". 37 Questions Show answers. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed the forced resettlement of indigenous populations with attempts of conversion to Catholicism. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. [130] More spanish blood equaled more power. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martnez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asuncin, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. Posted 4 years ago. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. So did the Caste System decide who got certain rights and places of power or was it merely a way of categorizing the people? In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was drawn by the British along the Appalachian Mountains. The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. Colonial America | American History Quiz - Quizizz Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. The crown enacted Laws of Burgos (1513) and the Requerimiento to curb the power of the Spanish conquerors and give indigenous populations the opportunity to peacefully embrace Spanish authority and Christianity. Although today Buenos Aires at the mouth of Ro de la Plata is a major metropolis, it held no interest for Spaniards and the 1535-36 settlement failed and was abandoned by 1541. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautiful sunshine Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. "La catastrophe dmographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . The Spanish conquistadores and colonial empire - Khan Academy For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. The conquest of the Aztec Empire involved the combined effort of armies from many indigenous allies, spearheaded by a small Spanish force of conquistadors. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. The Aztecs did not govern over an empire in the conventional sense, but were the hegemons of a confederation of dozens of city-states, tribes and other polities; the status of each varied from harshly subjugated to closely allied. Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Brown, Kendall W., "The Spanish Imperial Mercury Trade and the American Mining Expansion Under the Bourbon Monarchy," in, Van Ausdal, Shawn, and Robert W. Wilcox. "Social climbers: Changing patterns of mobility among the Indians of colonial Peru." A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule.